🔗================>> The WWII Germany > ETO  > To the Rhine, 1945 Submodule <<=================​🔗
subpages:  The Colmar Pocket     Order of Battle, 1 Mar '45    Veritable & Grenade     Lumberjack     Undertone
previous and next ETO submodules:  The Siegfried Line, 1945      Central Europe
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bigpigeon.us webpage WWII Germany > The ETO > To the Rhine, © 2025 by Robert A. Christiansen, updated by RAC 24 Jun 2025

By late March 1945, Allied operations had eliminated German presence from Nijmegen south to the Swiss border.
The following bullets summarize European Theater operations during November 1944–March 1945. These operations brought General Eisenhower's seven Allied armies to the left bank of the Rhine River from Basel, Switzerland north to Nijmegen in the Netherlands.
  • Netherlands, September 1944 - Allied forces successfully occupied Nijmegen as part of Operation Market-Garden.
  • Alsace, November 1944 - French First Army attack into southern Alsace reached the Rhine.
  • Alsace, November 1944 - US Seventh & French First Armies attack into central Alsace reached the Rhine at Strasbourg.
  • Alsace, Jan–Feb 1945 - US Seventh & French First Armies eliminated German Colmar Pocket in Alsace west of Breisach.
  • Operations Veritable & Grenade, Feb–early March 1945 - Canadian First Army, US Ninth & First Armies cleared the west bank of the Rhine from Nijmegen south to Dusseldorf.
  • Operation Lumberjack, early March 1945 - US First & Third Armies advanced to the Rhine between Cologne and Koblenz, trapping remaining German forces in the Eifel and seizing the Remagen bridge over the Rhine.
  • Operation Undertone, late March 1945, - US Seventh & Third Armies advanced to the Rhine between Koblenz and northern Alsace, trapping remaining German forces in the Palatinate. 
The Rhine River in Germany
The Rhine River in Germany
The Allied Armies on the Left Bank of the Rhine
The accompanying schematic map shows the seven Allied armies organized into three army groups as they were situated on 22 Mar 1945, at the end of the Advance to the Rhine.

Here are the first Allied crossings of the Rhine:
  • On 7 March, Hodge's First Army managed to cross on an existing bridge at Remagen.
  • Late on 22 March, Patton's Third Army began crossing the Rhine at Oppenheim between Mainz and Worms.
  • Late on 23 March, Montgomery's 21st Army Group began crossing at Wesel.
  • In actuality, the Seventh Army was further south than shown.
ETO Armies at the End of the Rhineland Campaign
ETO Armies at the End of the Rhineland Campaign
The ETO Situation May, 1 March 1945
This is the 12th Army Group's situation map for 1 March 1945.
The ETO Situation Map, 1 March 1945
The ETO Situation Map, 1 March 1945
Scalable Version of above Map
Sources for Big Pigeon's WWII Germany > The ETO > To the Rhine, 1945 webpage:
​Major Sources:
  • None at this time.
Sources for webpage images: (C/O = Courtesy of)
--------- I plan to remove or rework the following later.

By the end of January 1945, Germany forces had been squeezed from the bulge created by the massive Ardennes counteroffensive of December and were again behind the defensive fortifications known as the Siegfried Line or West Wall. Offensive operations, suspended by the Western Allies in mid-December 1944, had already resumed.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the ground commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in the European Theater, envisaged a two-step approach to taking the war to the German heartland east of the Rhine River.
  1. First the seven armies under his command would secure the entire west bank of the Rhine.
  2. Then a massive crossing of the lower Rhine would deposit a large mobile force on the east bank. That force could then race across the north German plain and meet Soviet forces advancing from the east. (If circumstances were favorable, a second and smaller Rhine crossing in the Frankfurt area further south was anticipated.)
Two fortuitous events altered Eisenhower's grand plan:
  1. The First Army seized a bridge across the middle Rhine on 7 March.
  2. The Third Army crossed the Rhine by boat at multiple locations late in March.

I have broken the massive winter 1945 campaigns which left the Allied armies at the Rhine into five components:
I propose splitting The Advance to the Rhine - 1945 into two components, 23 Jun 2022
The Siegfried Line - 1945:
  • The First US Effort, First & Third Armies (late Jan-early Feb '45)
  • The Roer River Dams, V Corps, First Army (early Feb '45)
  • VIII Corps, Third Army to Prum , (first of Patton's "Probing Attacks, Feb '45)
  • XII Corps, Third Army to Bitburg, (first of Patton's "Probing Attacks, Feb '45)
  • XX Corps, Third Army to Trier, (third of Patton's "Probing Attacks,Feb '45)
To the Rhine:
Links to subordinate webpages: (to be removed)
  • Ninth & First Armies - during the Rhineland Campaign, advanced to the lower Rhine between Wesel and Remagen.
  • Third & Seventh Armies - during the Rhineland Campaign, advanced to the middle Rhine between Coblenz and Mannheim.
In early February, the western Allies faced two physical obstacles as they began major offensive action eastwards against the Wehrmacht:
  • The Siegfried Line, also known as the West Wall, a fortified region near the western German border.
  • The Rhine River, which flowed northward from Switzerland through western Germany before entering the Netherlands.

At the beginning of February, Allied lines were generally near the Westwall with two exceptions:
  • In portions of the northern part of the US sector, the Siegfried Line had been penetrated in the Fall of 1944 and the front lay further east along the Roer River and the edge of the Hürtgen Forest.
  • In the south, where the Rhine River forms the border between German and France, German forces still occupied portions of of Alsace.

ETO's goal in early 1945 was to break through the Siegfried Line and occupy the left bank of the Rhine. This would be followed by a Rhine crossing in the northern Rhineland.
The Westwall & the Rhine River
The Westwall & the Rhine River
The Rhineland Campaign Overview
​
The arrows on the accompanying Canadian map show the major actions of the seven Allied armies during the Advance to the Rhine after 8 February. The heavy dashed line shows the situation on 23 March 1945, with three Rhine crossings already in place. US sources generally use 21 March as the Rhineland Campaign ending date.

My report ETO Ground Forces Outline includes the corps that comprised each of the four United States armies during February and March 1945. 

General Eisenhower preferred to capture all of the Rhine's left bank before attempting a crossing. Crossing plans were based on a massive amphibious and airborne operation in the vicinity of Wesel at the top of the map. Thus the Rhineland Campaign was initially planned with the future Wesel crossing in mind, with priority to Montgomery's 21st Army Group in the north. Bradley's 12th Army Group in the middle was initially cast in a supporting role. Dever's 6th Army Group in the south was recovering from recent battles and did not participate in the Rhineland Campaign until mid March. 

As the Rhineland Campaign progressed, events caused drastic changes in the original plans. Apropros of this, it was General Eisenhower who passed into common parlance the saying "Plans are worthless, but planning is everything".
The Rhineland Campaign Overview
The Rhineland Campaign Overview
I conceptualize the Rhineland Campaign of 1945 as consisting of three phases. To demark each phase, I've used the date on the accompanying map.
First Phase, 8 Feb - 5 Mar 1945, Advance past the Roer River in the north & the Siegfried Line in the middle.

Summary of US Army major actions: 
  • Ninth Army crossed the Roer River and advanced towards the Rhine, reaching the Rhine in early March.
  • First Army's northen sector, supporting the Ninth Army's right flank, crossed the Roer and advanced to the Rhine, siezing Cologne/Køln, Germany's 4th largest city, on March 5.
  • Third Army smashed through the Siegfried line throughout its sector.
  • Seventh Army (not shown on the map) remained largely static.
By March 5, as shown by the solid red line on the Siegfried Line Smashed map, the stage was set for some remarkable episodes in the European Theater, summarized in the subordinate webpages.
The Siegfried Line Smashed, February 1945
The Siegfried Line Smashed, February 1945
Second Phase, 6 - 10 Mar 1945, Close to the Rhine in the North, breakout in the middle:
  • Ninth Army occupied most of the Rhine left bank in its sector.
  • First Army: III and V Corps sent columns southeast, occupied the northern Eifel and crossed the Rhine in one location.
  • Third Army sent columns northeast through the southern Eifel to the Rhine.
  • Seventh Army (not shown on the map) remained largely static.
The joint First and Third Army operation summarized above is sometimes called Operation Lumberjack. It cleared German troops from the Eifel Plateau area north of the Moselle River. 
  • Early on 7 March, elements of the First Army's 9th Armored Division arrived on heights over Remagen on the Rhine River and discovered an intact bridge across the Rhine. More in the Crossing the Rhine webpage.
  • To spearhead the Third Army's contribution to Operation Lumberjack, General Patton chose combat commands from two armored divisions to advance in parallel, the 11th Armored from east of Prum and the 4th Armored from east of Bitburg. Elements of the 4th Armored arrived three miles from the Rhine, also on 7 March.
The Eifel Plateau Overrun
The Eifel Plateau Overrun
Third Phase, 11-24 Mar 1945, Clear the Palatinate and Saarland in the south:

Ninth Army prepared for the pending Rhine Crossing.
First Army prepared for a breakout from the Remagen Bridgehead.
Third Army bridged the Moselle River in various locations and raced southeast, both to different Rhine crossing sites and to support the Seventh Army offensive.
Seventh Army's offensive , Operation Undertone, began on 15 March. Note on the accompanying map that Seventh Army still had to advance through northeastern Alsace, and then through the Siegfried Line. Considering these difficulties, the Seventh Army turned over additional portions of the Palatinate to the Third Army. The revised army boundary passed through Kaiserslautern as shown on the accompanying map.

Operation Undertone, the official Seventh Army offensive, began on 15 March and ended on 24 March. 
The Southern Palatinate
The Palatinate Cleared - status on 21 March
The Rhineland Campaign Ends

When the Rhineland Campaign officially ended on 21 March 1945, the Western Allies front lines lay on the Rhine River with two exceptions:
  • The Remagen Bridgehead, established by the first Rhine crossing on 7 March, contained five First Army divisions on the Rhine's right bank.
  • Further south, upstream on the Rhine, the Wehrmacht still held a portion of the Siegfried Line in the southern Palatinate. This outlier would disappear in the next several days and by the end of 25 March organized German Army presence west of the Rhine would be gone, except for the Channel Islands and the several Atlantic ports that they still occupied. However, German forces still occupied most of the Netherlands.

In the next two days, two new Allied bridgeheads would appear on the east bank of the Rhine:
  • 22 Mar late - Third Army's first Rhine crossing,  5th Division at Oppenheim begins.
  • 23 Mar late - Operation Plunder, major Rhine crossing at Wesel, begins.

​The final European Theater campaign of WW II, the Central Europe Campaign, officially began on 22 March 1945.
The Situation at the End of the Rhineland Campaign
The End of the Official Rhineland Campaign, 21 March 1945
Sources for the WW II The ETO > The Advance to the Rhine webpage:
​Major Sources:
Sources for webpage images:
  • The The Westwall & the Rhine River map is courtesy of https://www.vewa-ev.de.
  • The Rhineland Campaign Overview map is courtesy of the Canadian website tothosewhoserved.org.
  • The Sixteen German Federal States index map is courtesy of the Nations Online Project. (not being used)
  • The Siegfried Line Smashed, Eifel Plateau Overrun, and Palatine Cleared maps are courtesy of the United States Military Academy.
  • The End of the Official Rhineland Campaign map is courtesy of the United States Military Academy. I do not believe the death figures in small type are all correct.