bigpigeon.us webpage WWII-Germany > WWII-Germany Overview, © 2023 by Robert A. Christiansen, updated by RAC 26 Dec 2022.   

The War with Germany, the European portion of World War II, was fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allied nations and the the Axis nations headed by Germany.
  • The Allied Big Three were Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States.
  • The Soviet Union entered the war in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany and the United States in December 1941 after Japanese attacks.
  • United States ground operations in the war with Germany occurred in two areas, the Mediterranean Theater and the European Theater.​
World War II - Germany - the major players
Axis powers:
  • Germany was led by a talented fanatic, Adolph Hitler, whose Fascist ideology and NAZI political party dominated German life and who himself dominated the Axis alliance.
  • Italy, Germany's major European ally, switched sides in 1943 after Italy's long-term dictator, Benito Mussolini, was forced from power.
  • Rumania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Croatia supported most Axis goals and sometimes supplied troops. Finland supported Germany against the Soviet Union but was not part of the Axis. All these countries abandoned their alliances with Germany before World War II ended.
Allied powers:
  • Great Britain and the British Commonwealth and Empire, led by the eloquent Winston Churchill.
  • The Soviet Union (from June 1941), also referred to as the U.S.S.R. and Russia, was led by Josef Stalin, who in some ways was even more brutal than Hitler. Germany and the Soviet Union formed an ad hoc alliance in August 1939, before the invasion of Poland began WWII. Germany then invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, whereupon The Soviet Union joined the Western Allies. The Soviet Union suffered the most casualties, both military  and civilian.
  • The United States, whose active participation in the War with Germany began with a declaration of war by Germany in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on US military forces at Pearl Harbor.
  • Various groups in exile, especially Free French and Polish.
World War II - Germany - the fronts
In Winston Churchill's mind, front number one was the Atlantic Ocean, where the Battle of the Atlantic raged from 1939 to 1945, pitting German submarines against the Allied shipping essential to the survival of Great Britain and the defeat of Germany. The Battle of the Atlantic climaxed with a shift in favor of the Allies in early spring 1943.
World War II - Germany - the major ground operations:
  • Germany & Russia --> Poland, September 1939.
  • Germany --> Norway & Denmark, April 1940.
  • The Blitzkrieg, Germany --> France & neighbors, May & June 1940.
  • Germany & Italy --> Yugoslavia & Greece, spring 1941.
  • Germany & her allies --> Soviet Union, 1941-42.
  • in NE Africa: Italy & Germany <--> Great Britain, 1940-42.
  • in eastern Europe: Soviet Union --> Germany & her allies, 1943-45.
  • in NW Africa: Great Britain & US --> Germany & Italy, 1942-43.
  • in Italy: Western Allies --> Germany, 1943-45.
  • in western Europe: Western Allies --> Germany, 1944-45.
 World War II in EuropeWorld War II in Europe
The strategic air war, which can be considered a front in the War with Germany, was fought over German-occupied territory by British and American bombers against German fighter aircraft and ground anti-aircraft fire. Tens of thousands of airmen and many hundreds of thousands of civilians died.
Sources for Big Pigeon's WWII-Germany > Overview webpage:
  • Churchill at the Rhine, the webpage header photo - C/O the National Archives. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill is leaving a landing craft having just crossed the Rhine River near Wesel on 25 May 1945. The previous day Allied forces had performed a massive river crossing in the area. The heart of Germany now lay open to the Allied armies. Many would still die but the last line of German resistance had been breached. (The first Rhine crossing occurred earlier, on March 7, but further upstream where a breakout after crossing was difficult.)
  • World War II in Europe map - c/o emapshop.com, digital classroom maps for elementary, middle and high schools.